Singapore

• Vaccination is not recommended or required
• Proof of vaccination is required if you are coming from or have transited through an airport of a country where yellow fever occurs in the past six days prior to arrival in Singapore.

Hepatitis A virus can cause liver disease, and in rare cases, liver failure and death.

• Can be spread by fecal-oral transmission, consuming contaminated food or water, or close, personal contact with an infected person.
• Symptoms may range from mild to severe, including fatigue, jaundice, abdominal discomfort, vomiting, and joint pain.

Hepatitis B is a viral infection that targets the liver and may cause chronic infections and liver cancer.

• Its primary mode of transmission is through direct blood-to-blood contact with an infected person. It can also be transmitted through unprotected sex or sharing needles.
• Symptoms may range from mild to severe, including fatigue, jaundice, and abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting and joint pain.

Measles is a highly contagious respiratory disease. Anyone who is not protected against measles is at risk of being infected with it when traveling internationally. Globally, we are starting to see an increase in measles infection.

• Spreads through respiratory droplets and direct contact with infected individuals.
• Symptoms initially resemble a common cold, followed by a characteristic rash fever, cough, runny nose, small, white spots inside the mouth and throat red eyes, sleepiness, and irritability.

Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection caused by salmonella from improperly prepared food or contaminated water.

• Symptoms include high fever, abdominal pain, and gastrointestinal issues. Typhoid can lead to severe complications if not treated promptly.
• Generally not recommended for Singapore, unless traveling to rural or remote areas for extended periods of time.

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a viral infection spread through the bite of an infected mosquito which can lead to brain infection and paralysis.

• Visitors to areas experiencing a JE outbreak should also consider vaccination.
• Risk increases for individuals engaging in activities involving high contact with mosquitoes.

Rabies is a viral infection transmitted through animal bites.  

• Symptoms may initially include fever, headache, and discomfort at the bite site, progressing to more severe neurological symptoms. Rabies is fatal if it is not treated before symptoms develop.
• Rabies treatment may be limited or may not be available, therefore you may need to return to Canada for treatment.

Chikungunya is a viral infection spread through the bite of an infected mosquito.

• One-time vaccination is approved in those over the age of 18 and offers lifetime protection.
• Particularly recommended for those traveling for a duration of 2 weeks or greater with anticipated outdoor mosquito exposure.